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Monday, August 21, 2017
Tuesday, January 31, 2017
Video from tecknowledge2000 explaining how Herceptin works
Herceptin a multi-modal approach targeting HER2-positive breast cancer
For some women effective treatment of breast cancer can start deep at the root of the disease, some of the most aggressive breast cancers are driven by a transmembrane receptor protein known as HER2, a member of the HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases, roughly 20,000 HER2 receptors are typically expressed on the surface of healthy breast cells. In approximately twenty-five percent of primary breast cancers the HER2 protein is overexpressed resulting in tumor cells with as many as two million receptors present on the surface of each cell. These cancers are called HER2 positive. The effect of HER2 overexpression is a tremendous increase in receptor-mediated intracellular signaling, directing the cell to proliferate uncontrollably. For this reason HER2 driven disease results in an aggressive form of breast cancer which if left untreated can progress rapidly.Herceptin is a monoclonal antibody, specifically designed to target the HER2receptor with an extended half-life that allows for constant exposure to tumor cells. Based on preclinical studies, Herceptin delivers continuous inhibition of HER2 activity by working on both the extracellular and intracellular domains of the receptor. Herceptin is the only approved therapy designed to bind to HER2 positive tumor cells extracellularly and flag them for destruction by the immune system. In addition bound Herceptin prevents HER2 receptor activity by blocking intercellular HER2 signaling and ultimately inhibiting cell proliferation along with its direct effects on theher2 receptor. Based on preclinical studies Herceptin enhances the effects of chemotherapy leading to cell stasis and death with several distinct mechanisms. Herceptin works both extracellularly and intracellularly to deliver a multi-modal attack against cells overexpressing HER2 receptor, a receptor linked to one of the most aggressive forms of breast cancerSunday, January 29, 2017
The four drugs shown below are among the well established and well known examples of what is popularly known as biotherapy or targeted treatment. The table presents the conditions treated, number of clinical trials and patients participating in trials (from clinicaltrials.gov).
They are all monoclonal antibodies that attach to secific receprors on cells.
These drugs are used in a variety of other diseases like rheumatoid arthritis,certain types of colitis and some other autoimmune disorders, where the immune cells of the body are causing problems for the person.
Most frequently they are used in cancer treatment. They are different to standard chemotherapy or cytotoxic treatment, which are regarded as toxic or poisonous to cells ,all cells in general. While the monoclonal antibodies abbreviated as -MAB in the end of the name of the drug are more specific and attach to a particular substance which is more often seen on the cancer cell and hence they are thought to be more specific.
INTERVENING DRUG
|
Conditions Treated
|
Clinical Study Sponsored by
|
Number of Studies
|
Number of patients enrolled in trials
|
BEVACIZUMAB
|
Renal Cell Carcinoma
|
Industry
|
4
|
2012
|
NIH
|
1
|
22
| ||
Other
|
5
|
161
| ||
Other|Industry
|
3
|
77
| ||
Pancreatic Cancer
|
Industry
|
2
|
639
| |
Other
|
4
|
191
| ||
Other|Industry
|
4
|
151
| ||
Other|NIH
|
6
|
256
| ||
Ovarian Cancer
|
Industry
|
8
|
2440
| |
Other
|
5
|
571
| ||
Other|Industry
|
2
|
162
| ||
Non-squamous Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
|
Industry
|
16
|
7689
| |
Other
|
2
|
364
| ||
Other|Industry
|
2
|
277
| ||
NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
|
Industry
|
22
|
5306
| |
Other
|
4
|
94
| ||
Other|Industry
|
10
|
499
| ||
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
|
Industry
|
6
|
1129
| |
Industry|Other
|
1
|
142
| ||
Other
|
27
|
3342
| ||
Other|Industry
|
11
|
1676
| ||
Metastatic Breast Cancer
|
Industry
|
8
|
2866
| |
Industry|Other
|
1
|
600
| ||
Other
|
3
|
700
| ||
Other|Industry
|
5
|
762
| ||
Other|NIH
|
1
|
31
| ||
Lung Cancer
|
Other
|
8
|
585
| |
Other|Industry
|
8
|
473
| ||
Other|NIH
|
22
|
2394
| ||
Glioblastoma Multiforme
|
Industry
|
9
|
566
| |
Other
|
2
|
90
| ||
Other|Industry
|
10
|
401
| ||
Other|NIH
|
1
|
183
| ||
Glioblastoma
|
Industry
|
5
|
1774
| |
Other
|
7
|
258
| ||
Other|Industry
|
3
|
127
| ||
Diabetic Macular Edema
|
NIH|Industry
|
1
|
56
| |
Other
|
19
|
1219
| ||
Other|Industry
|
1
|
45
| ||
Other|NIH|Industry
|
1
|
660
| ||
Colorectal Neoplasms
|
Industry
|
6
|
1224
| |
Other
|
6
|
603
| ||
Other|Industry
|
2
|
860
| ||
Colorectal Cancer
|
Industry
|
50
|
18265
| |
Industry|NIH
|
1
|
3451
| ||
Industry|Other
|
1
|
194
| ||
NIH
|
1
|
0
| ||
Other
|
19
|
4076
| ||
Other|Industry
|
11
|
826
| ||
Other|NIH
|
8
|
601
| ||
Other|NIH|Industry
|
1
|
35
| ||
BREAST CANCER
|
Industry
|
29
|
8251
| |
Industry|Other
|
1
|
150
| ||
NIH
|
1
|
21
| ||
Other
|
28
|
6508
| ||
Other|Industry
|
33
|
13102
| ||
Other|NIH
|
13
|
2559
| ||
CETUXIMAB
|
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
|
Industry
|
8
|
1494
|
Other
|
9
|
708
| ||
Other|Industry
|
3
|
181
| ||
Pancreatic Cancer
|
Other
|
10
|
482
| |
Other|Industry
|
2
|
86
| ||
Other|NIH
|
6
|
1014
| ||
NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
|
Industry
|
5
|
528
| |
Other
|
1
|
601
| ||
Other|Industry
|
5
|
224
| ||
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
|
Industry
|
10
|
3151
| |
Industry|Other
|
1
|
512
| ||
NIH
|
1
|
51
| ||
Other
|
26
|
4188
| ||
Other|Industry
|
7
|
397
| ||
Other|NIH
|
2
|
22
| ||
Lung Cancer
|
Other
|
1
|
69
| |
Other|Industry
|
2
|
96
| ||
Other|NIH
|
7
|
414
| ||
Other|NIH|Industry
|
1
|
109
| ||
Head and Neck Cancer
|
Industry
|
8
|
1632
| |
NIH
|
1
|
46
| ||
Other
|
21
|
1312
| ||
Other|Industry
|
10
|
313
| ||
Other|NIH
|
13
|
2069
| ||
Other|NIH|Industry
|
1
|
0
| ||
Esophageal Cancer
|
Other
|
7
|
613
| |
Other|Industry
|
1
|
50
| ||
Other|NIH
|
4
|
527
| ||
Other|NIH|Industry
|
1
|
245
| ||
Colorectal Cancer Metastatic
|
Industry|Other
|
2
|
494
| |
Other
|
6
|
349
| ||
Other|Industry
|
6
|
1533
| ||
Colorectal Cancer
|
Industry
|
24
|
4450
| |
Other
|
34
|
16270
| ||
Other|Industry
|
11
|
2309
| ||
Other|NIH
|
14
|
711
| ||
Other|NIH|Industry
|
3
|
4906
| ||
U.S. Fed|NIH
|
2
|
680
| ||
HERCEPTIN
|
BREAST CANCER
|
Industry
|
38
|
14538
|
Other
|
8
|
547
| ||
Other|Industry
|
9
|
450
| ||
Other|NIH
|
2
|
2149
| ||
Other|NIH|Industry
|
1
|
5
| ||
RITUXIMAB
|
Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia
|
Other
|
3
|
422
|
Other|Industry
|
8
|
262
| ||
Rheumatoid Arthritis
|
Industry
|
49
|
11583
| |
NIH|Other
|
1
|
4
| ||
Other
|
9
|
1143
| ||
Other|Industry
|
3
|
99
| ||
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
|
Industry
|
26
|
5884
| |
Industry|Other
|
2
|
1511
| ||
Other
|
9
|
358
| ||
Other|Industry
|
8
|
330
| ||
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
|
Industry
|
5
|
1104
| |
Other
|
11
|
1272
| ||
Other|Industry
|
7
|
433
| ||
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
|
Industry
|
15
|
2600
| |
Other
|
2
|
30
| ||
Other|Industry
|
1
|
4
| ||
Lymphoma, Follicular
|
Industry
|
8
|
698
| |
Other|Industry
|
4
|
173
| ||
Lymphoma
|
Industry
|
13
|
2505
| |
Industry|NIH|Other
|
1
|
12
| ||
Industry|Other
|
1
|
313
| ||
NIH
|
2
|
120
| ||
Other
|
61
|
10613
| ||
Other|Industry
|
33
|
2309
| ||
Other|NIH
|
75
|
6091
| ||
Other|NIH|Industry
|
11
|
452
| ||
Lymphocytic Leukemia, Chronic
|
Industry
|
13
|
1549
| |
Industry|Other
|
3
|
2361
| ||
Leukemia|Lymphoma
|
Industry
|
2
|
300
| |
NIH
|
1
|
48
| ||
Other
|
2
|
79
| ||
Other|Industry
|
3
|
200
| ||
Other|NIH
|
15
|
746
| ||
Other|NIH|Industry
|
3
|
174
| ||
Leukemia
|
Industry
|
1
|
0
| |
Industry|Other
|
1
|
817
| ||
Other
|
11
|
712
| ||
Other|Industry
|
13
|
1494
| ||
Other|Industry|NIH
|
1
|
19
| ||
Other|NIH
|
9
|
400
| ||
Follicular Lymphoma
|
Industry
|
10
|
2156
| |
Industry|Other
|
1
|
255
| ||
Other
|
11
|
2223
| ||
Other|Industry
|
7
|
2263
| ||
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
|
Industry
|
9
|
865
| |
Industry|Other
|
1
|
1418
| ||
Other
|
14
|
1180
| ||
Other|Industry
|
8
|
275
| ||
Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
|
Industry
|
2
|
384
| |
Other
|
6
|
1047
| ||
Other|Industry
|
4
|
300
| ||
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
|
Industry
|
12
|
2752
| |
NIH
|
1
|
105
| ||
Other
|
10
|
2515
| ||
Other|Industry
|
20
|
1623
| ||
Other|NIH
|
1
|
31
| ||
TRASTUZUMAB
|
Neoplasms, Breast
|
Industry
|
11
|
1318
|
Industry|Other
|
1
|
455
| ||
Industry|Other|NIH
|
1
|
8381
| ||
Metastatic Breast Cancer
|
Industry
|
17
|
2042
| |
Industry|Other
|
2
|
122
| ||
Other
|
7
|
650
| ||
Other|Industry
|
11
|
848
| ||
Gastric Cancer
|
Industry
|
5
|
1815
| |
Other
|
7
|
875
| ||
Breast Neoplasms
|
Industry
|
8
|
2555
| |
Other
|
8
|
2559
| ||
Other|Industry
|
3
|
170
| ||
Other|U.S. Fed|Industry
|
1
|
22
| ||
BREAST CANCER
|
Industry
|
40
|
11835
| |
Industry|NIH
|
1
|
0
| ||
Industry|Other
|
5
|
12214
| ||
NIH
|
3
|
292
| ||
Other
|
48
|
23143
| ||
Other|Industry
|
41
|
4331
| ||
Other|NIH
|
29
|
1157
| ||
Other|NIH|Industry
|
3
|
202
| ||
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